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Electrochemical Activation (Part 7) Pages: 1, 2, 3, 4. New concepts of designing electrochemical reactors on the basis of FEM-3 elements of greater capacity (up to 10,000 liters per hour) were worked out. Modern technical electrochemical systems for treatment of diluted aqueous solutions and water are characterized by the following main parameters. 1. Comprehensiveness, i.e. opportunity to carry on different chemical processes:
Electrolysis. With the help of technical electrochemical systems on the basis of RFE, RFE-M, RFE-MF, RFE-MS reactors with FEM-3 elements a more efficient fulfillment of industrial processes of inorganic and organic electrochemical synthesis, instead of routinely used diaphragm and non-diaphragm, static, filterpress electrolyzers, electrolyzers with ion-exchange diaphragms, etc is possible.
Electrodialysis
Electroosmosis
Electrofiltration
Electrodiffusion
Electrochemical activation
2. Flexibility, i.e. ability to alter the electrochemical parameters of an electrochemical reactor without affecting its design, thus optimizing the process of electrochemical exposure in conformity with varying electroconductivity of source solutions.
Using FEM elements as independent elementary electrochemical cells in an RFE reactor, possessing all the functions of a reactor as a whole, permits to perform any electric commutation, adapting the whole system to changing parameters of the source solution and optimizing the conditions of electrochemical exposure (combination of advantages of monopolar and bipolar electrochemical reactors in one construction).
The system (unit) of electrochemical reactors is disassembled with the help of easily parted joints, is as easily assembled (facilitating washing); alteration of a number of reactors in the unit provides any capacity.
Using standard reactors on the basis of several FEM elements with universal joints makes possible to create any configuration of the electrochemical reactor in the shortest time, to provide any regimen of work (pressure, rate) with the help of developed system of auxiliary hydraulic attachments - valves, gas catchers, separators.
3. High predictability and results' reproduction level.
Electrochemical exposure always occurs in standard-size FEM elements. At any consummate capacity of the entire electrochemical device the process goes on in the same way as in an individual FEM element in a test device (of course, observing the principles of similitude).
Controlling operational regimen can be carried out by way of estimating electric and hydraulic parameters of the work of each FEM element in an RFE reactor.
4. Wide application range.
A wide range of mineralization (electroconductivity) of inorganic substances' aqueous solutions, which can be subjected to electrochemical treatment by the reactors - from distilled (deionized) water of lower than 5mg/l mineralization, to highly concentrated solutions of over 300g/l mineralization.
A wide range of liquids which can be exposed to anodic or cathodic electrochemical treatment without mixing: water and aqueous solutions of inorganic and organic substances, pure organic liquids and ready products: acetone, dimethylformamide, spirits, milk, honey, beverages, etc.
A wide range of conditions (regimens) of work.
Independent volume discharge of liquids in the anodic and the cathodic chambers of FEM elements (from 0,3 l/h to 150 l/h).
Independent pressure in the anodic and the cathodic chambers in the limits of permissible pressure differential on the diaphragm (up to 2 kgf/cm2).
The reactor's operation at elevated absolute pressure (up to 3 kfs/cm2).
Potential ability of the reactor to work at high levels of absolute pressure (up to 25 kfs/cm2) is implemented in FEM-4 elements.
Potential ability of the reactor to work at elevated (up to 200°C) is implemented in FEM-4 elements.
Ability to work in different electrolysis regimens (non-diaphragm, diaphragm, with ion-exchange diaphragm, at different pressure levels).
Ability to work in the regimen of electrochemical weighing device.
Operation in electrodialyzer's regimen.
Operation in electroosmotic pump's regimen.
Operation in the regimen of electrochemical reactor with a self-organizing structure of liquid in the electrode chambers (in the processes of electrochemical activation).
Operation in the regimen of electrochemical thermal pump (cold generator).
Operation in the regimen of electrofiltrational device.
Operation in the regimen of mass-exchange and (or) heat-exchange device with electrochemical regulation of the basic process.
Operation in the regimen of immersed electrochemical reactor with convective circulation of a treated volume of liquid through the chamber of the main (working) electrode and convective or forced circulation of auxiliary electrolyte through the chamber of the electrode of opposite polarity (auxiliary).
Operation in the regimen of electrochemical sensitive element for estimating the concentration and chemical composition of liquids.
5. Safety, durability, maintainability, facility of technical service.
Risk of failure of electrochemical reactors based on FEM elements, on condition of their adequate use is no higher than that of serially manufactured transformer power supply sources of UZPA type.
At an optimal operational regimen a FEM element can work without anode replacement in devices of Aquadez and Hypochlor type for about 20 000 hours.
Design peculiarities of RFE reactors make possible to replace FEM elements easily; in FEM elements it is easy to replace a diaphragm, electrodes, bushings and sealing rings, i.e. practically all the details a FEM element consists of.
Technical service of RFE reactors and FEM elements supposes periodical removal of cathodic deposits with the help of a 3-5% solution of hydrochloric acid.
"Renofilter" - A Device Preparing Hemodialyzers for Reuse "Renofilter" device intended for preparing hemodialysers for reuse is a further sophisticated modification of "Redox" and "Renofilter" devices which were presented in a report at the First All-Russian conference " Methods and means of sterilization in medicine" in 1992. It is different from "Redox" devices in that: firstly, it is considerably smaller in weight and size, and secondly, it uses not acid, but neutral anolyte; from an earlier modification of "Renofilter" devices it differs in its more perfect hydraulic design, presence of controlled salt solution metering pump, a higher level of autimatization. For washing solutions catholyte of pH = 11.0 ± 1.0 and anolyte of pH= 4.0 ± 1.0 and a reduced content of active chlorine (not higher than 200 mg/l) are used. For a sterilizing solution neutral anolyte of pH =6.5 ± 1.0 and active chlorine not lower than 300 mg/l is used. The main technical parameters of the device are the following:
treatment time of a hemodialyzer - from 10 to 20 minutes (specified during the trials);
discharge of washing and sterilizing solutions - (60 ± 5) l/h each;
dimensions - 350X400X400mm;
weight - not exceeding 30 kg;
consumed electric power - not more than 800 VA
Parameters of the device's power supply:
electric - from supply line of 220 V+10-15, 50 ± 1 Hz;
hydraulic - water under pressure of 1.5 - 6
By now technical trials of the device have been successfully fulfilled. At present medical experiments are beginning in VNIIPTiD. Positive experience of clinical application of electrochemical devices for cleansing hemodialysers at the same time allows us to begin clinical investigations of the "Renofilter" device in a number of hemodialysis departments. In november of the current year the device was demonstrated in Brussels, at the 43rd World Exhibition of Inventions, Investigations and New Designs in Industry, where Russia was represented by 400 exhibits, representing new trends of engineering and technology in various fields. One of the two gold prizes the Russian exposition was awarded with was given to the "Renofilter" device. In the beginning of 1995, after a complete cycle of experiments was over, systematic use of "Renofilter" devices could be started in hemodialysis departments. Pages: 1, 2, 3, 4. |
